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<h1>Like, I like anyone that looks like the likes of you</h1>

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<div class="outline">
<!-- outline menu -->
<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Expressing likeness, similarity or hearsay</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Expressing similarity with <span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span> （<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">様</span>）</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Using 「みたい」 to say something looks like something else</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">Guessing at an outcome using 「～そう」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part5">Expressing hearsay using 「～そうだ」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part6">Expressing hearsay or behavior using 「～らしい」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part7">「っぽい」: Slang expression of similarity</a></li>
</ol>
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<h2 id="part1">Expressing likeness, similarity or hearsay</h2>
In Japanese there are many different ways to express likeness or similarity depending on appearance, behavior, or outcome.  When
learning these expressions for the first time, it is difficult to understand what the differences are between them because they all translate
to the same thing in English.  This lesson is designed to study the differences between
these expressions so that you can start to get a sense of which is appropriate for what you want to say.

<h2 id="part2">Expressing similarity with <span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span> （<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">様</span>）</h2>
We've already briefly gone over 「<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>」 <a href="surunaru.html#part4">here</a>.  We learned that 「<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>」 means an appearance or
manner.  We can use this definition to say that something has an appearance or manner of a certain state.
This word can be used in many ways to express similarity.  The simplest example is by
directly modifying the subordinate clause.  When the sentence ends in 「<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>」,
you must explicitly express the state of being by adding 「だ」, 「です」, or 「でございます」.

<p>（１）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>には、<span title="だれも - nobody" class="popup">誰も</span><span title="いる - to exist (animate)" class="popup">いない</span><em><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>だ</em>。- Looks like no one is here.
<br />（２）　<span title="えいが - movie" class="popup">映画</span>を<span title="みる - to watch" class="popup">観た</span><em><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>です</em>。- Looks like [he] watched the movie.
</p>

<p>When directly modifying nouns or na-adjectives, you must use the 「の」 particle for nouns or attach 「な」 to na-adjectives.
<br />（３）　<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em>の</em><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>だ。- Looks like it's a student.
<br />（４）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>は<span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か</span><em>な</em><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>だ。- Looks like it's quiet.
<br />Notice that （３） does not say that the person looks <i>like a student</i>.  Rather, the explicit state of being states
that the person appears to <i>be a student</i>.  On a side note, you can't say 「<span title="おいしい - tasty" class="popup">おいしい</span><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>だ」 to say that something looks tasty.  This is like
saying, "This dish apparently is tasty," which can actually be kind of rude.
</p>

<p>You can also use it as a na-adjective to describe something that appears to be something else.
<br />（５）　<span title="あの - that" class="popup">あの</span><span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見た</span><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span><em>な</em>気がした。- Had a feeling like I saw that person before.
<br />（６）　<span title="かれ - he; boyfriend" class="popup">彼</span>は<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>の<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span><em>な</em><span title="ふんいき - atmosphere" class="popup">雰囲気</span>ですね。- He has a student-like atmosphere.
</p>

<p>Finally, we can attach the target particle to say things like, "I heard it like that" or "I said it like...".
<br />（７）　<span title="ちょっと - a little" class="popup">ちょっと</span><span title="おこる - to get angry" class="popup">怒った</span><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span><em>に</em><span title="きこえる - to be heard; to be audible" class="popup">聞こえた</span>。- Was able to hear it like (she) was a little mad.
<br />（８）　<span title="なにも - nothing" class="popup">何も</span><span title="おこる - to happen" class="popup">起こらなかった</span><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span><em>に</em><span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言った</span>。- Said (it) like nothing happened.
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Using 「みたい」 to say something looks like something else</h2>
Another way to express similarity which is considered more casual is by using 「みたい」.  Do not confuse this with the <a href="desire.html#part2">「たい」
conjugation</a> of 「<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見る</span>」.
The main difference is that this 「みたい」 can be attached directly to nouns, adjectives, and verbs just like particles
which i-adjectives like 「～たい」 obviously can't do.  In addition, 「みたい」 conjugates like a noun or na-adjective.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「みたい」 to say something looks like something else</span>
<ul class="plain">
<li>Attach 「みたい」 to the noun that bears the resemblance.   「みたい」 conjugates like a noun or na-adjective and not an i-adjective.</li>
</ul>
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Conjugation Example with 「<span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>」</caption>
<tr align="center"><th></th><th colspan="2">Positive</th><th colspan="2">Negative</th></tr>

<tr align="center"><th>Non-Past</th><td><span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>みたい</td><td>Looks like a dog</td><td><span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>みたい<em>じゃない</em></td><td>Doesn't look like a dog</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Past</th><td><span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>みたい<em>だった</em></td><td>Looked like a dog</td><td><span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>みたい<em>じゃなかった</em></td><td>Didn't look like a dog</td></tr>

</table>
</center>

</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>
（１）　<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="うりきれ - sold-out" class="popup">売り切れ</span><em>みたい</em>。- Looks like it's sold out already.
<br />（２）　<span title="せいふく - uniform" class="popup">制服</span>を<span title="きる - to wear" class="popup">着ている</span><span title="すがた - figure" class="popup">姿</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">みる</span>と、<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em>みたい</em>です。- Looking at the uniform-wearing figure, (person) looks like a student.


<p>
The implied meaning here is the person wearing the uniform is not really a student because he/she only <i>looks</i> like a student.
This is different from （３） of the previous 「<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>」 section which implied that the person appears to be (but might not be) a student.  Again, we also can't say
「<span title="おいしい - tasty" class="popup">おいしい</span>みたい」 to say that something looks tasty because it implies that, in actuality, the food might not be so good. Similarly, you would
never say 「<span title="かわいい - cute" class="popup">かわいい</span>みたい」 to say that something looks cute.
</p>

<p>Don't forget that 「みたい」 does not conjugate like the 「～たい」 form or i-adjectives.
<br />（誤）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="ピザ - pizza" class="popup">ピザ</span>は<span title="おこのみやき - Japanese-style pancake" class="popup">お好み焼き</span>みた<em><strike>くない</strike></em>？- (みたい conjugates like a na-adjective.)
<br />（３）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="ピザ - pizza" class="popup">ピザ</span>は<span title="おこのみやき - Japanese-style pancake" class="popup">お好み焼き</span>みたい<em>じゃない</em>？- Doesn't this pizza looks like okonomiyaki?
</p>

<p>Though you probably won't use it very often, here are examples of the past and past-negative.
<br />（４）　<span title="きっさてん - cafe" class="popup">喫茶店</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span>みたい<em>だった</em>。- It looked like (we) were going to a coffee shop.
<br />（５）　<span title="ひみつ - secret" class="popup">秘密</span>を<span title="おしえる - to teach" class="popup">教えて</span><span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれる</span>みたい<em>じゃなかった</em>？ - It didn't look like (she) was going to tell the secret?
</p>

<p>「みたい」 is really a grammar only used in conversation.
Do not use it in essays, articles, anything that needs to sound authoritative.  You can use 「<span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>」 instead in the following fashion.
<br />（６）　<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="うりきれ - sold-out" class="popup">売り切れ</span>の<em><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span>だ</em>。- It appears that it is sold-out already.
<br />（７）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="ピザ - pizza" class="popup">ピザ</span>は<span title="おこのみやき - Japanese-style pancake" class="popup">お好み焼き</span>の<em><span title="よう - appearance, manner" class="popup">よう</span></em>に<span title="みえる - to be in sight; to appear" class="popup">見える</span>。- This pizza looks like okonomiyaki.
</p>

<h2 id="part4">Guessing at an outcome using 「～そう」</h2>
The problem with English is that the expression, "seems like" has too many meanings.  It can mean similarity in appearance, similarity in
behavior or even that current evidence points to a likely outcome.  We will now learn how to say the third meaning; how to indicate a
likely outcome given the situation.

<p>Just like the grammar we have learned so far in this lesson, we can use this grammar by simply attaching 「そう」 to the end of verbs,
and adjectives.  However, there are four important different cases. Actually, I just noticed this but the conjugation rules are exactly
the same as the <a href="amount.html#part6">「～<span title="すぎる - to exeed; to pass" class="popup">すぎる</span>」 grammar</a> we learned in the last section.
The only difference is that for the adjective 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">いい</span>」, you need to change it to 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">よさ</span>」 before attaching 「そう」 to create 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">よさそう</span>」.
</p>

 <div class="sumbox">
 <span class="summary">Rules for conjugation</span>
<ol>
<li>Verbs must be changed to the <a href="polite.html#part2"><i>stem</i></a>.</li>
<li>The 「い」 in i-adjectives must be dropped except for 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">いい</span>」.</li>
<li>「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">いい</span>」 must first be conjugated to 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">よさ</span>」</li>
<li>For all negative tenses, the 「い」 must be replaced with 「さ」.</li>
<li>This grammar does not work with plain nouns.</li>
</ol>
</div>

<h3>1. Verb must be changed to the stem.</h3>
<p>
For ru-verbs, remove the 「る」
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="バランス - balance" class="popup">バランス</span>が<span title="くずれる - to collapse; to break down" class="popup">崩れて</span>、<span title="いっしゅん - an instant" class="popup">一瞬</span><em><span title="たおれる - to collapse" class="popup">倒れ</span></em>そうだった。
<br />- Losing my balance, I seemed likely to fall for a moment.
</p>


<p>
For u-verbs, change the / u / vowel sound to an / i / vowel sound
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="あたり - vicinity" class="popup">辺り</span>に<em><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">あり</span></em>そうだけどな。
<br />- It seems likely that it would be around here but...
</p>

<h3>2. The 「い」 in i-adjectives must be dropped.</h3>
<p>
In the next example, the 「い」 has been dropped from 「<span title="おいしい - tasty" class="popup">おいしい</span>」.
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="つけもの - pickled vegetables" class="popup">漬物</span>は<em><span title="おいしい - tasty" class="popup">おいし</span></em>そう！
<br />- I bet this pickled vegetable is tasty! (This pickled vegetable looks good!)
</p>

<p>
<b>Exception</b>: <u>The only exception to this rule is the adjective 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">いい</span>」.  When using this grammar with 「<span title="いい  - good" class="popup">いい</span>」, you must first change it to 「よさ」.</u>
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="これ - this" class="popup">これ</span>も<span title="けっこう - fairly" class="popup">結構</span><em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">よさ</span>そう</em>だけど、<span title="やっぱり - as expected, as I thought" class="popup">やっぱり</span><span title="たかい - tall; expensive" class="popup">高い</span>よね。
<br />- This one also seems to be good but, as expected, it's expensive, huh?
</p>

<p>
Nothing needs to be done for na-adjectives.
</p>
<p>
（３）　<span title="おまえ - you" class="popup">お前</span>なら、<span title="きんぱつ - blond hair" class="popup">金髪</span>の<span title="おんな - woman" class="popup">女</span>が<em><span title="すき - likable, desirable" class="popup">好き</span></em>そうだな。
<br />- Knowing you, I bet you like blond-haired girls.
</p>

<h3>3. For all negative tenses, the 「い」 must be replaced with 「さ」.</h3>
<p>
The negative of 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">来る</span>」 is 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こない</span>」 so when used with 「～そう」, it becomes 「<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こなさ</span>そう」.
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="じゅうじ - 10 o'clock" class="popup">10時</span>に<span title="なる - to become" class="popup">なった</span>から、<em><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">来なさ</span>そう</em>だね。
<br />- Since it already became 10:00, it's likely that (person) won't come.
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="これ - this" class="popup">これ</span>は<span title="ただ - mere" class="popup">ただ</span>の<span title="しあい - match, game" class="popup">試合</span><em>じゃなさそうだ</em>。
<br />- This isn't likely to be an ordinary match.
</p>

<p>
Identical to the <a href="amount.html#part6">「～<span title="すぎる - to exeed; to pass" class="popup">すぎる</span>」 grammar</a>, i-adjectives that are derived from the negative 「～ない」
like 「<span title="もったいない - wasteful" class="popup">もったいない</span>」 or 「<span title="なさけない - pitiable" class="popup">情けない</span>」 also follow this rule as well (which would be 「<span title="もったいない - wasteful" class="popup">もったいなさ</span>そう」 and 「<span title="なさけない - pitiable" class="popup">情けなさ</span>そう」 in this case).
</p>

<h3>4. This grammar does not work with plain nouns.</h3>
<p>
（誤）　<span title="その - that" class="popup">その</span><span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>は<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em><strike>そう</strike></em>。
</p>
<p>
There are <a href="certainty.html">other grammars</a> we have already covered that can be used to indicate that something is likely to be something else.
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="その - that" class="popup">その</span><span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>は<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em>でしょう</em>。
<br />- That person is probably student.
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="その - that" class="popup">その</span><span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>は<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em>だろう</em>。
<br />- That person is probably student.
</p>

<p>
Be careful never to use 「<span title="かわいい - cute" class="popup">かわいい</span>」 with this grammar.  「<span title="かわいそう - poor thing" class="popup">かわいそう</span>」 is a completely different word used when you feel sorry for something
or someone. 「<span title="かわいい - cute" class="popup">かわいい</span>」 means, "to look cute" already so you never need to use any of the grammar in this lesson to say something looks cute.
</p>

<p>
（１）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>は<span title="かわいそう - poor thing" class="popup">かわいそう</span>。
<br />- Oh, this poor dog.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="いぬ - dog" class="popup">犬</span>は<span title="かわいい - cute" class="popup">かわいい</span>。<br />- This dog is cute.
</p>

<h2 id="part5">Expressing hearsay using 「～そうだ」</h2>
The reason that there are so many annoying rules to using 「～そう」 is to distinguish it from this next grammar we will learn.
This is a useful grammar for talking about things you heard that doesn't necessary have anything to do with how you yourself, think or feel.
Unlike the last grammar we learned, you can simply attach 「そうだ」 to verbs and i-adjectives.  For na-adjectives and nouns,
you must indicate the state of being by adding 「だ」 to the noun/na-adjective.  Also, notice that 「そう」 itself must always end in 「だ」、「です」、or 「でございます」.
These differences are what distinguishes this grammar from the one we learned in the last section.  There are no tenses for this grammar.

<p>（１）　<span title="あした - tomorrow" class="popup">明日</span>、<span title="あめ - rain" class="popup">雨</span>が<span title="ふる - to precipitate" class="popup">降る</span><em>そうだ</em>。- I hear that it's going to rain tomorrow.
<br />（２）　<span title="まいにち - every day" class="popup">毎日</span><span title="あう - to meet" class="popup">会い</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行った</span><em>そうです</em>。- I heard he went to meet everyday.
</p>

<p>Don't forget to add 「だ」 for nouns or na-adjectives.
<br />（３）　<span title="かれ - he; boyfriend" class="popup">彼</span>は、<span title="こうこうせい - high school student" class="popup">高校生</span><em>だ</em>そうです。- I hear that he is a high school student.
</p>

<p>
When starting the
sentence with this grammar, you also need to add 「だ」 just like you do with 「<a href="compound.html#part4">だから</a>」
<br />（１）　<span title="きょう - today" class="popup">今日</span>、<span title="たなか - Tanaka" class="popup">田中</span><span title="さん - polite name suffix" class="popup">さん</span>は<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こない</span>の？- Is Tanaka-san not coming today?
<br />（２）　<em>だそうです</em>。- So I hear.
</p>

<h2 id="part6">Expressing hearsay or behavior using 「～らしい」</h2>
「らしい」 can be directly attached to nouns, adjectives, or verbs to show that things appear to be a certain way due to what you've heard.
This is different from 「～そうだ」because 「～そうだ」 indicates something you heard about specifically while 「らしい」 means things seem to be a
certain way based on some things you heard about the subject.  「らしい」 conjugates like a normal i-adjective.

<p>（Ａ）　<span title="きょう - today" class="popup">今日</span>、<span title="たなか - Tanaka" class="popup">田中</span><span title="さん - polite name suffix" class="popup">さん</span>は<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こない</span>の？- Is Tanaka-san not coming today?
<br />（Ｂ）　<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こない</span><em>らしい</em>。- Seems like it (based on what I heard).
</p>

<p>（Ａ）　<span title="あの - that" class="popup">あの</span><span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>は<span title="なん - what" class="popup">何</span>なの？- What is that person over there?
<br />（Ｂ）　<span title="みゆき - Miyuki" class="popup">美由紀</span><span title="さん - polite name suffix" class="popup">さん</span>の<span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span><em>らしい</em>ですよ。- Seems to be Miyuki-san's friend (based on what I heard).
</p>

<p>Another way to use 「らしい」 is to indicate that a person seems to be a certain thing due to his behavior.
<br />（１）　<span title="あの - that" class="popup">あの</span><span title="こ - child" class="popup">子</span>は<span title="こども - child" class="popup">子供</span><em>らしくない</em>。- That child does not act like a child.
<br />（２）　<span title="おとな - adult" class="popup">大人</span><em>らしく</em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span><span title="つもり - plan, intention" class="popup">つもり</span>だったのに、<span title="おおさわぎ - clamor, uproar" class="popup">大騒ぎ</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>しまった。- Despite the fact that I planned to act like an adult, I ended up making a big ruckus.
</p>

<h2 id="part7">「っぽい」: Slang expression of similarity</h2>
A really casual way to express similarity is to attach 「っぽい」 to the word that reflects the resemblance.  Because this is a very casual
expression, you can use it as a casual version for all the different types of expression for similarity covered above.

<p>
「 っぽい」 conjugates just like an i-adjective, as seen by example （３） below.
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="あの - that" class="popup">あの</span><span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>は<span title="ちょっと - a little" class="popup">ちょっと</span><span title="かんこくじん - Korean person" class="popup">韓国人</span><em>っぽい</em>よね。- That person looks like a Korean person, huh?
<br />（２）　<span title="みんな - everybody" class="popup">みんな</span>で、<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べて</span>しまった<em>っぽい</em>よ。- It appears that everybody ate everything already.
<br />（３）　<span title="きょうこ - Kyouko" class="popup">恭子</span>は<span title="ぜんぜん - not at all" class="popup">全然</span><span title="おんな - woman" class="popup">女</span><em>っぽくない</em>ね。- Kyouko is not womanly at all, huh?
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<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2006/2/18
Revised explanation for ｢らしい」 (2005/4/26)
Fixed 「なさそう」 examples to reflect only negatives (2006/2/18)</pre>
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